2026 IJRSE – Volume 15 Issue 9
Available Online: 5 May 2026
Author/s:
Paraguas, Shereen W.*
Nueva Vizcaya State University, Philippines (shereen.paraguas@deped.gov.ph)
Sapao, Alicia D.
Nueva Vizcaya State University, Philippines
Agustin, Arnel A.
Nueva Vizcaya State University, Philippines
Abstract:
This study examined the servant leadership behavior and Total Quality Management (TQM) practices of school heads and their relationship with teaching effectiveness of secondary school teachers in Indigenous Peoples (IP) Learning Communities in Southern Nueva Vizcaya during the second semester of Academic Year 2025–2026. Employing a quantitative, descriptive-correlational design, data were collected through validated survey instruments. Means were used to describe variable levels, and Spearman’s rank-order correlation assessed relationships at a 0.05 significance level. Servant leadership was measured across empathy, stewardship, community building, foresight, and empowerment, while TQM practices included leadership, continuous improvement, customer focus, employee involvement, and stakeholder satisfaction. Teaching effectiveness encompassed knowledge of subject, teaching for independent learning, management of learning, commitment, community engagement, research competence, and instructional technology integration. Findings revealed that school heads’ servant leadership and TQM practices were rated “Very Good,” and teachers’ teaching effectiveness was rated “Outstanding.” Significant and strong positive correlations were found between servant leadership and TQM practices (ρ = .74), servant leadership and teaching effectiveness (ρ = .56), and TQM practices and teaching effectiveness (ρ = .71), all statistically significant (p = .001). Based on these results, targeted training designs were developed for school heads and teachers, focusing on areas needing improvement to enhance leadership capabilities, instructional quality, stakeholder engagement, and overall school performance. The study underscores the importance of servant leadership and quality management in promoting professional growth, effective teaching, and improved learning outcomes in IP educational settings.
Keywords: servant leadership behavior, teaching effectiveness, total quality
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrse.2026.26145
Cite this article:
Paraguas, S. W., Sapao, A. D., & Agustin, A. A. (2026). Servant leadership behavior and total quality management practices of secondary school heads in indigenous people learning communities in Southern Nueva Vizcaya: Their relationship to teachers’ effectiveness. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 15(9), 165-181. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrse.2026.26145
* Corresponding Author